Lagosuchus - Facts and Figures

Name: Lagosuchus (Greek for rabbit crocodile); pronounced LAY-go-SOO-cuss Habitat: Woodlands of South America Historical Period: Middle Triassic (230 million years ago) Size and Weight: About a foot long and one pound Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Tiny size; bipedal posture; long hind legs About Lagosuchus Although it wasnt a true dinosaur, many paleontologists believe Lagosuchus may have been the genus of archosaur from which all dinosaurs subsequently evolved. This tiny reptile certainly had plenty of dinosaur-like characteristics, including long legs, large feet, a flexible tail, and (at least some of the time) a bipedal posture, giving it an uncanny similarity to the first theropods of the middle to late Triassic period. If you doubt that a mighty race of dinosaurs could have evolved from a tiny creature that weighed about a pound, keep in mind that all of todays mammals--including whales, hippopotamuses, and elephants--can trace their lineage back to comparably tiny, shrew-like mammals that scurried under the feet of huge dinosaurs a hundred million years ago! (By the way, among paleontologists, the genus Marasuchus is often used interchangeably with Lagosuchus, since its represented by more complete fossil remains.)

International Aid Allocation The Path For Global Success

International Aid Allocation: The Path to Global Success From the origins of large-scale international humanitarian projects in the post-World War I period to current global aid allocation programs, scholars in the field of international aid have focused on the motives behind countries’ generous donations to their underdeveloped counterparts. Myriad studies, regardless of the time frame they encompass, make reference to the moral obligation rich nations have to help the poorest countries. In this sense, scholars point out at the idea that there exists a general misconception in the belief that the poorest countries are the ones that receive the most aid. Through time, scholars’ hypotheses about the motives driving international aid have changed considerably. While the first studies on the field of international aid allocation proposed that donors endowed aid to maintain the enemy under supervised control, scholars’ point of view started verging into the idea of aid as a means of forging alliances during the Cold War period. Nonetheless, scholars’ scope on the field would continue to change, with more recent studies regarding aid as a tool of economic empowerment for developed nations. Scholars analyzing international aid during the post-World War I period point out at the way donor countries employed large-scale aid projects to control crises and exercise control over former war enemies. In her study, Tehila Sasson (2016) shares a detailed account of the British humanitarianShow MoreRelatedThe Reciprocal Relationship between Economic Development and Human Rights1218 Words   |  5 Pagessustainability depend on the fulfillment of those rights. (Sfeir-Younis, p. 1) Sfeir-Younis goes on to argue that the sound protection of human rights is essential to such economic development principles as open competition, effective resource allocation, systemic legal consistency, a just political process and a host of other features which bring critical control, oversight and rationality to market behaviors. This underscores the philosophical implications of a pattern with some rather concreteRead MoreThe Cross Border Commerce : With Biblical Worldview Applications1478 Words   |  6 PagesWith the aid of the Cross Border Commerce: With Biblical Worldview Applications (2014) textbook, the objective of this paper is to define licensing and franchising, as well as expand the gained knowledge of the textbook reading. Licensing and franchising is an indirect form of exporting that entails the exporting of technology by companies (Satterlee, 2014). Furthermore, a licensor is the faction giving the license, whereas the licensee is the faction that utilizes the license (Satterlee, 2014)Read MoreOrgan Trafficking Law2609 Words   |  11 Pagesof the international organ trade, where potential recipients travel abroad to obtain organs through commercial transactions. The problem is a global issue. The international organ trade has been recognized as a significant health policy issue in the international community. A World Health Assembly resolution adopted in 2004, urges Member States to â€Å"take measures to protect the poorest and vulnerable groups from ‘transplant toursm’ and the sale of tissues and organs.† Forms of international organ tradeRead MoreHumanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management5779 Words   |  24 PagesARROW@DIT Articles School of Management 1-1-2010 (Le)agility in Humanitarian Aid Supply Chains Kirstin Scholten Dublin Institute of Technology, kirstinusa@yahoo.com Pamela Sharkey Scott Dublin Institute of Technology Brian Fynes Smurfit School of Business, University College Dublin Recommended Citation Scholten, K., Sharkey Scott, P., Fynes, B. Le)agility in humanitarian aid (NGO) supply International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management Volume: 40 Issue: 8/9 2010 Read MoreThe Growth And Rapid Growth Of East Asian Economies2202 Words   |  9 Pagesresilience and rapid-growth of East Asian economies even in the face of rising protectionism in their major export markets and a global recession, has intrigued developmental specialists who see Latin America as a prime candidate for comparison. By becoming increasingly libertarian and by embracing neo-liberalism Latin American countries have sought to emulate the success of East Asian economies. Nevertheless they have found it difficult to maintain their previous levels of growth, confronting pilingRead MoreCompetitive Strategies of Riordan2923 Words   |  12 PagesThe decision to begin, enter, or continue with a business venture has a specific amount of risk associated with the undertaking and once begun specific g oals and objectives need outlining and measurement devises put in place to confirm the future success of the entity. In a simple form, a strategic plan determines where an organization is going during the year to two years, how it will get there, and if it can reach the objective desired. There is a variety of approaches in a strategic plan but whatRead MoreCompare And Contrast Farewell Address1951 Words   |  8 Pagesmillion Americans with the utterance of just a couple lines. Among the many speeches given by presidents during their tenure in office the final speech was given by a president, their Farewell Address is one of the most influential. This speech sets the path of the nation going forward into the new presidency, can assert their legacy and is their final opportunity to speak their mind as President of the United States without true repercussions from Congress or public opinion. I will be examining two farewellRead MoreGeneral Motors with Lean Manufacturing3641 Words   |  15 PagesGeneral Motors with Lean Manufacturing An Introduction of GM Global Manufacturing System Operations Management Team Project Contributed by We Make A+ (sort by number): ìÅ"  Ã­Ëœâ€¢Ãª · ¼ - 2009 050 444 ì˜ ¤Ã¬Å  ¬Ãª ¸ ° - 2010 049 712 ì† Ã« ¬ ´Ã­â„¢â€ - 2010 054 149 ì £ ¼Ã¬â€¹Å"ê ± ´ - 2010 059 605 ê ¹â‚¬Ã­â€¢â„¢Ã¬Å¡ ´ - 9125 620 120 Division of Business Administration, Hanyang Univ. ERICA Ansan, December 2012 Contents Part 1.Overview of General Motors 2 1.1 Why General Motors? 2 1.2 Introduction of General Motors 3 1.3 Basic InformationRead MoreGeneral Motors with Lean Manufacturing3656 Words   |  15 PagesGeneral Motors with Lean Manufacturing An Introduction of GM Global Manufacturing System Operations Management Team Project Contributed by We Make A+ (sort by number): ìÅ"  Ã­Ëœâ€¢Ãª · ¼ - 2009 050 444 ì˜ ¤Ã¬Å  ¬Ãª ¸ ° - 2010 049 712 ì† Ã« ¬ ´Ã­â„¢â€ - 2010 054 149 ì £ ¼Ã¬â€¹Å"ê ± ´ - 2010 059 605 ê ¹â‚¬Ã­â€¢â„¢Ã¬Å¡ ´ - 9125 620 120 Division of Business Administration, Hanyang Univ. ERICA Ansan, December 2012 Contents Part 1.Overview of General Motors 2 1.1 Why General Motors? 2 1.2 Introduction of General Motors 3 1.3 Basic Information 3 1.4 History of GM 4Read MorePdf, Docx7181 Words   |  29 Pagesin China in June 1989. The same search on Google.cn provided a much smaller list and included pictures of a smiling couple in the square.2 The decision to develop Google.cn was complicated. In the words of Elliot Schrage, Google’s vice president of Global Communications and Public Affairs: [Google, Inc., faced a choice to] compromise our mission by failing to serve our users in China or compromise our mission by entering China and complying with Chinese laws that require us to censor search results

Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Injection †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Injection. Answer: Introduction The rationale of this reflective writing is to enable learners to develop personal and professional self-awareness regarding professional practice. It uses Gibbs reflective cycle to focus on the different types of drug administration which include oral, subcutaneous and intramuscular injection. The cycle encourages one to think systematically about the stages of an experience (Moon, 2013); hence all of its headings (description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, and action plan) will be used throughout the reflection. My performance about giving oral medication would be good because the oral route is one of the easiest as well as the most commonly used method for administration of drugs. The drugs can exert both systemic and local effects, and patients can be in a position to take medications orally and independently with a few complications. Besides, situations can arise that keep a client from taking drugs by this rote. According to Mignani et al., (2013), if a person is nauseated or is vomiting another route can be used. Before administering, oral drugs, I would assess the patient for swallowing difficulties and ensure he/she is in a proper position to reduce risks of choking or aspirating Medications can also be administered via subcutaneous injection; drugs that require slow plus sustained absorption are administered subcutaneously (Jin et al., 2015). Although the route is commonly used for heparin and insulin, the administration is done below the dermis as well as the epidermis layers into the subcutaneous tissues. The goodness of this practice is that absorption is very fast from the abdomen, slower from the upper arm, thigh, hip and the buttock. However, the arm appears to be less painful, but the abdomen is usually chosen since it has thick subcutaneous tissues. The poor practice of administering intramuscular injections (IM) (a procedure used to deliver medication deep into the muscles) can have debilitating consequences to the patient. Although it is normal to experience discomfort after the injection, certain complications can arise to cause more severe problems. The poor practice of intramuscular injection can lead to prolonged bleeding, numbness/tingling, allergic reactions and severe pain at the region of injection (Mignani et al., 2013). The three events discussed above (the goodness of giving oral medication, the good practice of subcutaneous injection and the poor practice of IM injection) have influenced my perception a lot regarding the type of drug administration to different clients. However, from the mentioned events, I have learned that people react differently to different injections hence it would be significant to examine the patient first before deciding on the route to use. The different types of administration of drugs have broadened my learning experience on different routes that can be used to deliver medications to patients. This is because different people react differently to different medications hence it would be in my best interest to choose the best administrations that do not bring complication into the patients health. The clinical learning that transpired from these practice skills is the use of proper drug administration strategies depending on the current status and medical history of a patient. As it evident some drugs are bitter or have bad taste when taken orally, and to help on that it would be ideal to mix the medicine with a small amount of food like ice-cream or applesauce. For the children, do not mix the drugs with formula or milk since they may refuse it later. References Jin, J. F., Zhu, L. L., Chen, M., Xu, H. M., Wang, H. F., Feng, X. Q., ... Zhou, Q. (2015). The optimal choice of medication administration route regarding intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injection. Patient preference and adherence, 9, 923. Mignani, S., El Kazzouli, S., Bousmina, M., Majoral, J. P. (2013). Expand classical drug administration ways by emerging routes using dendrimer drug delivery systems: a concise overview. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 65(10), 1316-1330. Moon, J. A. (2013). Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory and practice. Routledge.

The Cultural Heritage of Canada

As each generation changes it creates a unique identity. With the changes in generational identity, the family life also changes. The main culprit of this change is the value system. An analysis of the past 3-4 Canadian generations demonstrate that each generation regards values differently.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Cultural Heritage of Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Statistics demonstrate that the percentage of the single-parent families has considerably increased, and the proportion of legal marriages has declined. In addition, the percentage of the common law marriages is on the rise. The statistics further indicate that divorce cases and instances of remarriage have considerably increased. This survey demonstrates that the Canadian family set up has shifted from the traditional type of family. With the 20th century, the emphasize place on marriage shifted with people prioritizing education and financial security. The cultural heritage of Canada required people to establish independent households. Since this necessitated large financial investments, young men worked for longer years in order to have enough savings before marriage. Thus, the average age at first marriage rose for both the men and women. In the 19th century, farming was the main source of livelihood (Bradbury, 214). During this era, families lived on farms and couples considered it advantageous to have large families. Children engaged in daily chores and provided a source of farm labor. Considering the various religious doctrines that considerably influenced the society, and the lack of effective measures regarding birth control, the average number of children was significantly large at an average of 6.6 children per household in 1851. In the late 19th century, families started shifting to cities due to the numerous economic opportunities created by industrialization (Milan, 3). Due to the numerous case s of child engaging in long working hours in unsafe conditions, and after making other considerations, the government implemented the child labor laws and a law demanding a mandatory school-attendance until the age of 16 years. These changes initiated the decline in the family size in Canada. In this regard, by 1921, the average family size had declined to 3.5 children per household (Milan, 3). The existing restrictive laws that only granted divorce with the proof of adultery, significantly mitigated divorce cases.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the late 19th century, the family set up was rigid with the instances of lone parents, childless couples, and couples living under the common-law existing not as an individual choice, but because of unavoidable circumstances like the death of a spouse. Poor health conditions and frequent diseases during this era caused high mortality rates (Milan, 3). The empty nest scenario was common. Due to the prevalence of couples dying at young age, widows and widowers remarried, as they needed assistance in raising the young children, domestic labor, or financial support. For example, statistics show that in 1921, 17 percent of the marriages involved previously married spouse(s). The Great Depression further accelerated the decline in the number of children born in Canada. Most of the people were unable to handle the financial and social responsibilities of marriage due to the immense financial constrains. In this regard, marriage rates declined. The period around the 1930 witnessed birth rates of less than an average of three children per woman. Furthermore, a considerable number of women with high levels of education and income abstained from having any children. The onset of the Second World War affected the Canadian family set up in various ways. The uncertainties associated with the war and the fear that conscriptio n might be introduced oversaw rushed marriages, and increased remarriages and divorces in the period after the war. In addition, the post war period witnessed numerous changes in the family structure (Milan, 5). The number of relatives and extended family members attached to particular household declined. By the 1950s, most families comprised of only the parents and the dependent children. In this new family set up, the husband was employed outside the home while the wife cared for the children at home. A further decline in the marriage rates towards the end of the 20th century was accompanied by an increase in the number of couples living together in the common-law arrangement. Although traditionally the women were expected to marry to older men, this norm was less observed with the various social changes facilitating the shrinking age gap between couples (McLanahan, 610). This trend indicated the narrowing gap between men and women in terms of their relative status in the society. Thus, these social changes eroded the traditional attitudes and practices that shaped the family set up.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Cultural Heritage of Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They gave women more independence especially through economic empowerment and instigated the acceptance of the previously despised non-marriage alternatives. They have also promoted the tendency towards late marriages and in some cases the full absconding from marriage. The introduction of the divorce act in 1968 changed the regulations and perceptions that discouraged the termination of marriages. An amendment of the act in 1986 created significantly less restrictive divorce laws (Milan, 7). These laws coupled with various social changes promoted divorce as a socially acceptable option for an individual whose marriage was not up to his or her expectations. The number of lone parents, especially lone mothers, inc reased considerably attributed to the increasing divorces and the number of births outside unions (McLanahan, 609). The growing financial independence of women as they can afford to raise their children by their own has also contributed to this trend especially in the 21st century. In addition, the law favors women about the custody of children in divorce cases. Remarriages have also increased as divorce increases the population of people eligible to remarry. Towards the end of the 20th century, the fertility rates considerably declined to reach the lowest recorded fertility rate in the history of Canada. This resulted from the development of more effective contraceptives that facilitated couples to limit the number of their children. In addition, more women entered the labor force, thus increasing the cost of bearing children. Unlike in the 18th and early 19th century, women postponed parenthood in the pursuance of education and employment opportunities (Bradbury, 211). The 21st ce ntury has witnessed an increase in this trend with the parents dedicating less time and energy towards their children. Blended families, which were rare in the 18th century, have considerably increased with many couples having children from previous relationships. Nearly 10 percent of Canadian children live in blended families, which comprise of children from the present relationship and those from the wife’s previous relationships.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such family set ups experience numerous complications with the children finding it difficult to get along with their stepparents and siblings unlike in the traditional family set up. It is projected that by around the mid 21st century the number of people living in common-law relationships will be as much as that of the people in legal marriages. This norm is becoming more acceptable among both the young and the old. Works Cited Bradbury, B. â€Å"Single Parenthood in the Past.† heldref-publications.metapress.com. N.p., 2000. Web. McLanahan, S. â€Å"How Children Are Faring Under The Second Demographic Transition.† Jstor. N.p., 2004. Web. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1515222?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. Milan , Anne. â€Å"by Anne Milan – Statistics Canada.† Statistics Canada. N.p., 2000. Web. https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/start. This essay on The Cultural Heritage of Canada was written and submitted by user Gemma Pacheco to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Audi Essay free essay sample

The mission statement for the Audi Group is general and simple 1. The mission statement of the Audi Group is generally focused on customer delight, and specifically focused on innovation, positive experiences, and corporate responsibility. lt; http://retailindustry. about. com/od/retailbestpractices/ig/Company-Mission-Statements/Audi-Group-Mission-Statement. htmgt; 2. Audi Mission Viejo in Mission Viejo, CA treats the needs of each individual customer with paramount concern. We know that you have high expectations, and as a car dealer we enjoy the challenge of meeting and exceeding those standards each and every time. Allow us to demonstrate our commitment to excellence! 3. Our experienced sales staff is eager to share its knowledge and enthusiasm with you. We encourage you to browse our online inventory, schedule a test drive and investigate financing options. You can also request more information about a vehicle using our 4. Audi is committed to providing the highest levels of customer service through our unsurpassed knowledge of the new Audi and quality used vehicles we sell and service. We will write a custom essay sample on Audi Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Our team of automotive professionals take pride in representing the Audi brand and are well versed in the innovative design, advanced technology, and superior performance that the brand represents. Vision: 1. Vision: â€Å"Audi – the premium brand† The Audi Group first unveiled its Strategy 2020 in 2010, then refined it in the following year. The cornerstones of this strategy remain unchanged and place the emphasis on sustainable, continuous corporate success. The aim is to equip Audi for the challenges of the future along its pathway to becoming the leading premium brand, and to delight customers worldwide. The issues and measures were further substantiated in 2012 and adjusted to reflect the prevailing economic and business environment. In particular, questions about growing environmental awareness, the future availability of fossil fuels, ongoing urbanization and increasing digitalization and connectivity play an important role in this context. http://www. audi. com/com/brand/en/company/investor_relations/audi_at_a_glance/ orporate_strategy. html Culture: Audi has a tradition of cultural commitment. Whether as a sponsor of prestigious festivals, an organizer of its own concerts, a promoter of young artists, or the backer of its own employee orchestra, the brand with the four rings has been a reliable partner of culture for years. Though its commitment is centered round classical music, it also embraces many other genres; from jazz to theater to the visual art. Experience Audi’s cultural program. Philosophy: Brief history: http://creativedreamz. hubpages. om/hub/Brief-History-of-Audi-Cars http://www. audiurquattro. de/history/history. htm http://ezinearticles. com/? A-Brief-History-of-Audiamp;id=6268051 invest and expansion: The Audi Group is making preparations for further growth. By 2015, the Group will have invested approximately â‚ ¬11 billion in the expansion of its production network as well as in new models and technologies. Audi is consistently pursuing its strategy with plants in Hungary, China and Mexico, and is strengthening its competitiveness in the major markets of Europe, Asia and North America.

No Two Snowflakes Alike - True or False

No Two Snowflakes Alike - True or False Youve likely been told no two snowflakes are alike that each is as individual as a human fingerprint. Yet, if youve had the chance to closely examine snowflakes, some snow crystals do look like others. Whats the truth? It depends how closely you look. To understand why theres dispute about snowflake similarity, start by understanding how snowflakes work. How Snowflakes Form Snowflakes are crystals of water, which has the chemical formula H2O. There are multiple ways water molecules can bond and stack with each other, depending on the temperature, air pressure, and concentration of water in the atmosphere (humidity). Generally the chemical bonds in the water molecule dictate the traditional 6-sided snowflake shape. One a crystal starts forming, it uses the initial structure as the basis to form branches. The branches may continue to grow or they can melt and reform depending on conditions. Why Two Snowflakes Can Look the Same Since a group of snowflakes falling at the same time form under similar conditions, theres a decent chance if you look at enough snowflakes, two or more will look the same to the naked eye or under a light microscope. If you compare snow crystals at the early stages or formation, before they have had a chance to branch out much, the odds that two of them might look alike is high. Snow scientist  Jon Nelson at Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto, Japan, says snowflakes kept between  8.6 ºF and 12.2 ºF (-13 ºC and -11 ºC) maintain these simple structures for a long time and can fall to Earth, where it would be hard to tell them apart just looking at them. Although many snowflakes are six-sided branched structures (dendrites) or hexagonal plates, other snow crystals form needles, which basically look much like each other. Needles form between 21 °F and 25 °F and sometimes reach the ground intact. If you consider snow needles and columns to be snow flakes, you have examples of crystals that look alike. Why No Two Snowflakes Are Alike While snowflakes might appear the same, at a molecular level, its very nearly impossible for two to be the same. There are multiple reasons for this: Water is made from a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. These isotopes have slightly different properties from each other, altering the crystal structure formed using them. While the three natural isotopes of oxygen dont significantly affect crystal structure, the three isotopes of hydrogen are distinctly different. About 1 in 3,000 water molecules contains the hydrogen isotope deuterium. Even if one snowflake contains the same number of deuterium atoms as another snowflake, they wont occur in the exact same places in the crystals.Snowflakes are made up of so many molecules, its unlikely any two snowflakes are exactly the same size. Snow scientist  Charles Knight with the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado estimates each snow crystal contains around 10,000,000,000,000,000,000 water molecules. The number of ways these molecules can arrange themselves is nearly infinite. Each snowflake is exposed to slightly different conditions, so even if you starte d with two identical crystals, they wouldnt be the same as each by the time they reached the surface. Its like comparing identical twins. They might share the same DNA, but they are different from each other, especially as time passes and they have unique experiences. Each snowflake forms around a tiny particle, like a dust mote or pollen particle. Since the shape and size of the starting material isnt the same, snowflakes dont even start out alike. To summarize, its fair to say sometimes two snowflakes look alike, especially if they are simple shapes, but if you examine any two snowflakes closely enough, each will be unique.

Political issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political issue - Essay Example The war has been the longest in the history of American history, yet till date it has not achieved its objectives clearly. Early in 2014, the pullout from Afghanistan was decided and agreed upon. In the wake of such circumstances, Afghanistan is a land locked country, and situation there in always impacts the peace and stability of region with its peace or otherwise state of existence. In the midst of the withdrawal of the ISAF forces, Afghanistan presents a new challenge. Afghanistan at present is at a challenge to itself, to the global peace, to the regional security, stability and overall dynamics of the international politics. Afghan government is frail and does not enjoy the resource or the infrastructure that will enable it defending itself against the rival groups and the outlaws. The very fact that the incumbent government’s influence is limited to the green belt is the reflection of the overall writ of state enjoyed by the American backed government. Afghanistan is an ethnic split country offers problems in multiple proportions. The challenge of ensuring and bringing about the Pukhtoon and the non- Pukhtoon on table and bringing them to terms with regard to the power sharing has been one of the challenges that needs to be looked into and addressed with regard to the overall future dynamics and future outlook of Afghanistan. The last decade or so since the invasion of United States of America has seen the isolation and total targeting of the Pukhtoon in the form of Taliban who were being targeted where ever spotted, based on this the country has seen severe ethnic divide within themselves leading to catastrophic outlook at present in the form of social divide and social disparity. The withdrawal of the allied forces will give the Taliban space and possible opportunity to get back into authority with regard to the offensives being undertaken and conducted against the Afghan government. The recent times have seen relatively increased trend in the

Appraisal Form Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Appraisal Form - Assignment Example In general, a simple employee appraisal form can be designed using a combination of checklist, rating scale, and open-ended questions. Using rating scale, the first 5 questions was designed based on the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory and the ‘ERG’ theory. Question number 6 was designed based on the reinforcement theory whereas question number 7 and 8 was designed using goal-setting theory. Question number 9 was designed using the social cognition theory. Question number 10 was designed based on the motivator factor of Herzberg. Question number 11 was designed using an open-ended question to allow each employee to express what exactly would increase their motivation at work. (See Appendix I –Sample of Employee Appraisal Form on page 6) Basically, question numbers 1 to 9 were purposely designed using the rating scale of 1 to 5. For sure, each employee has their own reason why they have provided a specific rank for each of these first 9 questions. To learn more about why they have provided certain score in each of these nine (9) questions, it is best to make use of an open-ended question. By doing so, the HR manager would know what to do to improve what is currently being provided to each of Softcom’s employees. Question number 1 was designed to determine whether or not the company is providing each employee with the basic needs such as food and water. This question is related to the existence in ERG theory and physiological needs under Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. By asking each employee to rank this statement from 1 to 5, the HR manager can have rough idea on whether or not they are satisfied with what the company is currently providing them. By encouraging each one of them to say something about how the company can improve the available food and water, the HR manager would know exactly what to do and see whether or not the company can do something to make each employee satisfied with

Hybrid electric vehicle Essay Example for Free

Hybrid electric vehicle Essay BMS is a key component of electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles. To ensure safe and reliable operation of batteries, BMS needs to have various functions such as battery status monitoring and assessment, charging and discharging control, balancing and so forth. The fire accidents of electric vehicles (particularly pure electric vehicles) since 2013 result in consumers’ concerns about the safety of electric vehicles. Compared with HEV, PHEV and BEV have more complex battery system structure, which requires more excellent battery endurance and safety; therefore, PHEV and BEV need more mature and reliable BMS. The BMS industry will benefit from the expansion of the electric vehicle market. Throughout the global BMS market, traditional auto parts makers represented by Denso and Preh have seized opportunities by virtue of their important positions in the vehicle supply chain. As Toyota’s most important parts supplier, Denso has provided battery management modules for Prius, Camry Hybrid and other models. Preh mainly offers BMS for BMW I series pure electric vehicles. View Complete Report @ http://www. chinamarketresearchreports. com/114890. html . Meanwhile, the battery vendor LGC has established cooperative relationship with GM, Ford, Volvo and many other enterprises by providing power battery packs and related BMS to them. As for automobile companies, Tesla performs remarkably with advanced BMS technology. In contrast, professional BMS firms develop relatively slower due to technical and financial factors. In the first half of 2014, China produced 20,692 new energy vehicles and sold 20,477 ones, higher than the figures in 2013. In 2015, Chinese new energy vehicle market capacity will be quickly released, especially plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and mini pure electric vehicles will witness faster growth, which will drive the rapid development of the Chinese BMS market. In the Chinese BMS market, there are three types of enterprises: First, third-party BMS vendors, such as Epower Electronics, GuanTuo Power and LIGOO New Energy Technology. Among them, the products of Epower Electronics are used most widely and adopted by Changan, Dongfeng, BAIC, Foton, JAC, Zotye and so on. China Market Research Reports 1 Second, battery system packaging companies represented by Guoxuan High-tech and Winston Battery. Guoxuan High-tech serves JAC and Ankai Automobile with battery modules and BMS. Third, vehicle manufacturers, including BYD and BAIC BJEV. BYD integrates batteries and BMS with electric vehicle R D, and shows advantages in terms of cost and efficiency. Overall, China BMS industry still lags behind foreign countries in technical specifications and business models. To narrow the gap, some companies hope to make progress by mergers and acquisitions. For example, BAIC BJEV enhances battery system performance and technological strength via the cooperation with SK, Atieva and other enterprises; Zotye meets its demand for BMS by holding Jieneng; Desai masters some share of Epower Electronics in order to upgrade its technology from consumer electronics to electric vehicle BMS. Purchase a Copy of this Report @ http://www. chinamarketresearchreports. com/contacts/purchase. php? name=114890 . The report includes: †¢Overview of global and Chinese electric vehicle market (including overview, market size, output, sales volume, etc. ) †¢Overview of global and China BMS industry (embracing status quo, forecast, market size, BMS supporting, etc. ) †¢Major vendors in global BMS industry (involving revenue, revenue of subsidiaries, revenue structure, net income, R D, products, supporting for vehicle plants, latest developments, business in China, etc. ) †¢Major vendors in China BMS industry (comprising revenue, revenue of subsidiaries, revenue structure, net income, R D, products, supporting for vehicle plants, new projects, etc. ) †¢Main enterprises in BMS chip industry (including revenue, revenue structure, net income, BMS chip solutions, etc. ) Table of Contents 1 Overview of BMS 1. 1 Definition of Battery System 1. 2 Definition of BMS. 1. 2. 1 Definition 1. 2. 2 Classification 2 Overview of Global BMS Market 2. 1 Overview of Global Electric Vehicle Market 2. 2 Status Quo and Development Trend of Global BMS Market China Market Research Reports 2 3 Overview of Chinese BMS Market 3. 1 Production and Sales Volume of Chinese Electric Vehicle Market 3. 2 Chinese BMS Market Size 3. 3 Status Quo and Development Trend of Chinese BMS Market Explore All Market Intelligence Research Reports on Automotive Transportation For Further Information Contact [emailprotected] com . China Market Research Reports S.

Gender Roles In Pakistan Sociology Essay

Gender Roles In Pakistan Sociology Essay Gender reflects the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes that are considered apt for men and women in any society. Mostly the terms gender and sex are not differed and taken as closely related terms. Sex relates to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women while gender refers to cultural differences rather than biological ones between men and women. Male and female are sex categories while feminine and masculine are gender categories. Moser (1993) says that the differences between women and men within the same household and within and between cultures are socially and culturally constructed and can be altered over time. These differences are mirrored in social roles, responsibilities, access to resources, social limitations, opportunities, needs, perceptions, views, etc. Thus, gender does not take only women, but considers both women and men and their interdependent relationships and responsibilities. Reversal A reversal can be taken as change whether the change is a positive or negative against the prevailing trend. It is a change from one state to the opposite state turning the situation into an opposite direction or situation. Gender Roles A gender role defines the appropriate social and behavioral norms adopted by men and women in a social setting. Gender roles vary from culture to culture and traditions and roles can change over time even in the same cultural settings. Gender roles are cultural and personal to determine the speaking, dressing and communicative styles of males and females within a society. These cognitive frameworks are deeply embedded within the minds of males and females to define the masculine and feminine roles. Various socializing agents like parents, peers, teachers, television, movies, music, books and religion influence determining the gender roles within a society. Parents are the biggest factor to decide the gender roles especially of their young offspring. Parents usually treat male and female infants differently. Expectations for males and females are set in a very early age. Traditionally, boys are taught how to fix and build things and how to earn for household and girls are taught how to cook, sew and manage the household. Children then receive parental and social approval when they conform to gender expectations and adapt themselves to the cultural and conventional roles which are reinforced by the additional socializing agent, media. In other words, gender roles and the values pass from one generation to the successive generation in a society. Linda L. Lindsey and Sandra Christie (n.d.) say that as long as the girl infant is wrapped in the pink blanket and the boy infant is wrapped in blue blanket, the development of gender roles gets started. The pink and blue colours are the first indications given by the society to distinguish a female from male. As they grow up, the other cultural factors assure the distinction to remain intact. Girls are given dolls, doll houses and tiny stoves to pretend run a whole household system while boys are given toy tools to construct buildings and toy weapons and tanks to wage wars. In the teen and adult age, girls buy cosmetics and clothes while boys buy sports components and stereo components that is a result of gender role socialization. Commonly the gender roles espoused in childhood remain constant in adulthood. Gender Roles in Pakistan According to a Gilani Research Foundation survey carried out by Gallup Pakistan (april 27, 2009), majority of the Pakistani males and females have distinct roles to play in the society. In the recent years although womens status and role has been uplifted beyond being a housewife, the priority is still given to men in politics, education, employment, and related walks of life. Dr. Rakhshinda Parveen (n.d.) expresses that the constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan dictates equal rights for men and women. However, men are more equal than women in reality. The reality shows women in lower status than men in every sphere of life whether its education, food, health care or freedom of choice of partner. According to the Human Development Report 1999 of UNDP, the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) rank of Pakistan among 185 countries is 100. This rank determines the empowerment of women on a country basis. This measurement results in unequal status of women in economic resources, participation in political decision-making and economic decision-making. In spite of the fact that the Holy Quran dictates the equal rights for women wellbeing and development, women have always been the main target of rights violation in the Muslim countries. The typical subjugated image of Pakistani women reflects the centuries old patriarchy deeply rooted in the sub-continent. Alt hough, emancipation and empowerment has always been documented in the legal documents, this has not come to the reality to its full extent yet. The two fundamental perceptions establish the gender relations in Pakistan that women are inferior to men and that a mans honour is determined by the actions of women of his family. In the Muslim societies, women bear the honour of the family name. To ensure that honour, they are not supposed to dishonor their families, their mobility is limited and they have restrictions on their behavior and activities and have very limited contact with the opposite sex. Women are constrained to have Purdah (veil) to restrain their protection and respectability. Purdah creates physically and symbolically different spheres for men and women by separating their activities. Mostly women spend their time at home to do homely tasks and go out only for serious and approved reasons. Social life generally revolves around the activities of men in society. In the most parts of the country, except in Islamabad, Karachi, and wealthier parts of a few other cities, those families are considered shameless who do not restrict their women. Purdah is practiced according to the family tradition, class and rural or urban residence but men and women do not mix freely anywhere without serious reasosn. The most extreme restraints can be found in parts of the North-West Frontier Province and Balochistan, where women are not allowed to almost leave the house before they get married and are not allowed to meet the unrelated men and they cannot contact with their male cousins on their mothers side, because these men are not classed as relatives in a strongly patrilineal society. In the rural areas of Punjab and Sindh, gender relations are relaxed because women are equally responsible with men fosr transplanting, rice seedlings, weeding crops, raising chickens and selling eggs. When a family aspires a higher status, it entails stricter purdah as a first social change. (Jone Johnson Lewis, 1994) Some urban women, residing in the close-knit communities in the old cities of Lahore and Rawalpndi, generally wear a burqa(fitted body veil) or a chadar (loosely drapped cotton cloth used as a head covering and body veil) when they leave the homes. They usually live in a multistory (havelis) building constructed to accommodate large extended families. The places where people do not know their neighbours, there are less restrictions on womens mobility. Reversal of Gender Roles In the modern times, the old perceptions of a patriarchal society are destabilized that has shifted the earlier unequal power dynamics between males and females and has resulted in the empowerment of women over men. The traditional gender roles have given a way to totally reversed roles to reserve the rights and emancipation of women. Now a days, wives are earning as much as 20% more than their husbands in the whole world that dictates the changing power dynamics that shows that women have got the power to harness the economic power upsetting the old traditional patriarchal beliefs. Traditionally, the women used to need physical protection and economic stability provided by men to save their submissiveness. (Kandiyoti,1988). The traditional patriarchal hierarchy has been shattered and resulted in females patronizing their male counterparts in courtship. Modern women have become more educated and successful, that education and awareness has empowered women resulting in displacing men from their gendered position in society. The emergent trend of educated women out-earning their partners has led to changes in social perceptions and household roles. It has gradually shifted the institutionalized and privileged status of males in society. If women become the breadwinners, the domestic order shifts automatically to men because there is not any other option and this can give both men and women a sense of purpose and identity. Alongside the empowerment of women, the emasculation of men redefines the masculinity and femininity which has determined the gender activities of society. Men, who have become domestic, have redefined the masculinity by entitling them as providers who provides not only economically but also emotionally and logistically. The traditional notion of masculinity of a father has been limited to begetting protecting and providing for children. The difference between what is masculine and what is feminine is what is determined by the gender roles adopted by both the genders. However, by bearing the role of childrearing and household chores, the masculinity of males comes into question that results in confusion in the individual males social identity. As a result, unemployed husbands preserve their masculinity by claiming that they are still provider if not economically but emotionally as they spend more time with their children than their own fathers. (Liza Mundy, 2011) Deccan Herald (2012) conducted a research to study the effects of massive social changes on gender relations. The study has found that men today want babies and commitment, while women are more likely to want independence in their relationships. The study was conducted on over 5,000 American adults and the results revealed that more than half of the single men wanted to have children as compared to just 46 percent of women. The results showed the effects of the growing gender role reversal. History of Gender Roles Reversal The gender ideologies have changed since 1970s. Women became aware of their rights and emancipation with the emergence of feminist movement in 1970s. In 1960, 19 percent of married women with young children were in the paid labour force (U.S. bureau of the Census 1999). By 1998, the ratio of working women was up to 64 percent. This movement of mothers into the work places in the time span of 40 years left a profound effect on the attitudes towards the working women in the public and private spheres. The most of the American men approved and expected their wives to be active in working outside homes as the paid labour force. At the same time the provider role ideology continued to have great effects on males and females. The modern men and women are more receptive for women participation in working places than they were in 1970s. The nostalgia for breadwinner/homemaker family can still be found but more in men than women. Although some men resent the constricted definition of masculin ity that narrows their role as economic providers, they stick to their roles as emotional providers among their children. (Teresa Ciabattari, n.d.) A minority of U.S men resisted changes in womens roles that could result as harmful for children and family life. These rapid changes in the roles of women have resulted in the widening gap between mens and womens attitudes. There is a larger gender difference in attitudes than it was 25 years before. (Teresa Ciabattari, n.d.) Reversal of Gender Roles in Pakistan Gender roles have not been altogether revolutionized in Pakistan but have still been treading the way to transform. The contemporary socio-political and economic conditions in Pakistan are restrained in the paradigm of patriarchy and capitalism. The envoys of women rights movements have been shouting out loud the revolution in the gender roles that has resulted in women working in every field of life. Women have come out of their spheres at home to take part in the tread of progress but they have instigated some initial stages yet and have a long way to trek on. (Pak Tea House, 2012) The women of Pakistan had confronted great challenges in the early 1990s such as increasing practical literacy, gaining access to employment opportunities at all levels in the economy. This development promoted a change in perception about womens roles in society. Women status in society gained public voices from within and outside the political process. The twentieth century has seen various attempts to bring social and legal reforms to improve the Muslim womens lives in the subcontinent. Islam has played very important role to develop the rights of women since partition. Muslim reformers in the nineteenth century introduced women education to ease some of the restraints on womens activities to ensure womens rights under Islamic law. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan organizes the Mohammedan Educational Conference in the 1870s to endorse modern education for Muslims, and he founded the Muhammadan Anglo- Oriental College. Many of the early proponents of education improved the status of women education by initiating cooking and sewing classes initially in a religious framework to advance women knowledge and skills. Still the literacy rate was very low as in 1921, there were only four out of every 1,000 Muslim females were literate. (countrystudies.com, n.d.) Different organizations have been developed for the betterment of womens rights. The Gender and Development (GAD) was introduced as a replacement to the Women in Development (WID) approach. Both organizations aspire to construct the gender equality and tackle the subordination of women in the home and in the public sphere. WID was established in the late-1970s, when it was acknowledged that women were left at the sideline in the process of development and progress of country. WID tended to examine women in isolation while GAD developed the female gender roles maintained by many facets of society, community, economy and not least of all, men. Gad aims to empower women to increase women self esteem, to encourage women organizations. (Jenny Mason, 2009). GAD challenges the social norms which dictate the women subordinate position to men. The educational gender gap in Pakistan is the result of the specific historical, political and cultural forces. (Jafar, 2002) The movement for independence from the British colonization in 1947 was very significant for women who challenged their traditional, domestic gender roles in the male patriarchal society to actively participate in the fight for common Muslim rights. (Jafar, 2002) During the period from independence to the beginning of Zia ul-Haqs rule in 1977, there was a coalition between the womens movement and the state with a common goal to create a modern Pakistan by equalizing womens rights: by granting them government jobs and increasing educational rights for women. (Jenny Mason, 2009) In 1977, General Zial ul-Haq overthrew the government of Zulfiqar Bhuto thinking it to be un-Islamic and aspired for Pakistan to return to Islam. General Zia ul-Haq emphasized the dichotomy of Islam versus the West. This Islamization approach appealed many anti-colonialists and nationalists who supported patriarchy in the country. They accentuated the symbol of Pakistani women as traditional and a symbol of honour for their male partners. Women were taken as ideological boundary makers between Muslims and the western World. (Jafar, 2002) These laws and norms moved women to the private sphere and those who continued to work in the public sphere were portrayed as the symbols of moral decay. In spite of Zias efforts to restrict womens liberty in the public sphere, the womens movement in Pakistan continued to develop during his rule. The Womens Action Forum (WAF) was established in 1981, which fought for the policies created by Zia and their promotion gained international attention which placed a negative pressure on Zias government which helped to avert the further discrimination of womens rights. After the suspicious death of Zia in 1988, Benazir Bhutto, the daughter of Ali Bhutto, was elected as the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan which was a big step towards the growth of women in Pakistan. (Jenny Mason, 2009) Although today womens rights movements and organizations are active in fighting for gender equality, only few are willing to touch the family traditions and honour. Others tend to remain traditional when it comes to the family honour and name. Islam as well as Pakistans constitution has dictated equal rights for man and woman but the society greatly violates women rights. Despite all these violations, Pakistani women have elevated their status in society with the help of some organizations, enlightened groups and government. It has happened just because of the increase in awareness of girls education Now in Pakistan women are working everywhere as in schools, colleges, universities, offices, factories, hospitals etc. they are students, workers, teachers, doctors, nurses and pilots. Pakistani women have proved to do whatever they are capable of despite all the hardships they face in society. These working women are seeding a silent revolution in Pakistan. A silent social revolution has seeped in with rising number of women joining the workforce and moving up the corporate ladder in Pakistan. (Fehmina Arshad, n.d.) They are doing everything from pumping gasoline and serving burgers at McDonalds to running major corporations. Women now hold 78 of the 342 seats in the National Assembly. The cultural norms regarding the women in the workforce have been changed. Despite all the enlightenment and development regarding the rights of women and their being in the workforce, the society has still been captured into the old shackles of conservatism and the working women have to face criticism and condemnation from some for being bold enough to stand up for their rights. Working women are always blamed for being poor mothers and condemned to bring a bad name on the honour of the family in Pakistan. (Fehmina Arshad, n.d.) Despite women taking earning responsibilities, men do not take any attention about household chores. Women have to bear outside as well as inside home responsibilities. Pakistani Television Dramas (History) The Pakistan Television Corporation or PTV is Pakistans first national television broadcaster. PTV transmitted its first live program on November 26, 1964, in Lahore. Pakistan started its broadcasting from a small pilot TV Station which was established at Lahore from where first transmission was beamed in Black and White with effect. Television centres were established in Karachi and Rawalpindi/Islamabad in 1967 and in Peshawar and Quetta in 1974. (Rafay Mehmood, 2011) Pakistani media has played a foremost job in programming many unforgettable Pakistan classical dramas which inspired the generations in the past history. PTV started the tendency of making classic dramas with the help of intellectual writers, powerful direction, and multitalented actors.(Anum saulat, 2010) The decades of 1970s, 1980s and 1990s have seen the tremendous success of dramas and telefilms in the Indian Subcontinent. There was only one TV channel, PTV, at that time which had touched the peak of success in drama making. PTV telecasted many popular dramas like dhoop Kinary, ankahi, tanhayian and dhuan. The whole concept behind telecasting such dramas is to present a well prepared family drama with a strong script to provide a clean environment. The credit of such classic dramas goes to the brilliant story writers like Haseena Moen, Seema Ghazal, Ashfaq Ahmad etc. Their stories mirrored the heart touching issues of society. This was the magnificent time for Pakistani classic dramas which won many national as well as international awards. (Anum Saulat, 2010) The most famous drama serials of this time include Khuda Ki Basti, Unkahi, Tanhaiyaan, Akhri Chatan, Zair Zabar, Aangan Terha, Fifty Fifty, Studio Dhai (2-1/2), Studio Ponay Teen (2-3/4), Andehra Ujala, Sona Chandi, Uncle Urf i, Taleem-e-Baalighan, Alif Noon, Waaris, Dhoop Kinare, Sunehray Din, Alpha Bravo Charlie, Ana, and block buster serials like Pesh, Dhuwan, Kath Putli, Wafa Ham Nibhaein Gai, Bandhan, Kaghaz Kay Phool, Muqqdas, Bint-e-Adam, Malangi, Sawan, Sheela Bagh, Tinkay, Aisa Bhi Hota Hai bhar, rasta de zindgi, and many others. Many programs were very popular even in India. Indian streets used to become deserted when few of the most popular Pakistani TV dramas were broadcasted. Although Pakistan and India are always at daggers drawn with each other, still the dramas of PTV were very popular and still are studied in the acting academies in India. In the early 90s, the private produces entered the territory of Pakistani TV for the first time and presented some phenomenal programs such as drama serial Jaal and Kashkol, cooking shows like potluck and sitcoms including family Front and Teen Bata Teen that enthralled the viewers for a long time. Though Indian programs like CID and Ekta Kapoors Hum Panch created a small cult of their own but the local channel STN and PTV kept the countrol. Whether the field was drama , sitcom or crime stories, the 1990s gave a tough time to Indian Programming because of the quality, cultural relevance of the local dramas and because the access to the satellite channel wasnt easy In Pakistan and was considered a luxury. (Rafay Mehmood, 2011) As the sun was setting on PTVs golden era, Family Fronts Sumbal, Nusrat and Bobby; Alpha Bravo Charlies Faraz, Kashif and Gulsher; Samsung VJs Faisal Qureshi, Jawad Bashir, Ahsan Rahim, Amna Khan and Ahmad Ibrahim; Teen Bata Teens Lucy, Johnny and Shaffu became a cult icon and are still remembered for their brilliant performances to make the characters everlasting. (Shiza Nisar, 2010) There came a time starting from 2001 when Indian dramas showed on a channel, Star Plus, were immensely popular that they not only attracted the women but also children started watching them. But now Pakistani dramas once again have touched the peaks of fame. Indian dramas got famous because of the glamour and family politics shown in them. These dramas affected the Pakistani cultural norms values and traditions so badly that the living styles of the viewers became Indian and they corrupted the society as they were so unreal. They showed the unrealistic lives of industrialists, elites and landlords through glamour. In the start Pakistani dramas started copying their style but soon they turned back to their own identity with the arrival of new competitive private producers in the industry. With the realization that the Indian dramas had corrupted the society, these drama makers extinguished the Indian elements from the productions to follow their old trends of limited episodes and powerful story line. Many writers started writing many powerful stories for different TV channels like Geo, Hum TV, PTV, ARY digital. (Anam Saulat, 2010) Now a day, expression in media has resulted in a lot of channels and variety of Pakistani dramas for the viewers and every channel is now struggling hard to provide the audience with the best dramas ever. This competition has aggravated them to make good serials which reflect and mirror the true picture of Pakistani culture and traditions. Because of this sudden revival of Pakistani dramas, the audience loves the new dramas very much. (Shiza Nisar, 2010) The modern dramas that have gained popularity are meri zaat zarraye be-nishan Ainee ki aygi barat series on Geo and , nur pur ki rani malaal wasal nur bano ,qaide e tanhai, ,humsafar and many others on Hum TV. These dramas are realistic with powerful direction and script. They mirror the societal issues that actually exist in the society. Moreover, dramas like wasal, ishk junoon deewangi doraha and malaal focus on the problems that are faced in a marriage because of modernity and reversal of gender roles. These problems do prevail these days. The reason why the ratio of divorces has increased is well depicted in these dramas. People should be well aware of the bitter realities that prevail in society. (Anum Saulat, 2010) Reversal of Gender Roles in Pakistani Dramas The electronic media in Pakistan has become an avenue for women to be seen shoulder-to-shoulder with men where they can work as diligently as they can to be an active part of the society. However, the role of women in our media seems to be heading in a direction where only their looks and attractiveness can be rewarded. (Zirgham Nabi Afridi, 2010) Most of these dramas revolve around the family, especially women, often as independent individuals and most often as mothers, sisters and wives. The majority of Pakistani dramas today are a strange mix of progress and retreat. Some of the serials hold a few liberal, progressive and gender-sensitive messages, most of them emphasize patriarchal values existed in society. The Pakistani dramas reflect two main streams to depict the gender roles. One is to portray women as dependent on their male partners in a male patriarchal society. Women are shown being brutalized by men, slapped, beaten up, disgraced and ill-treated and men are depicted as the decision makers of the family, who simply dictate women what to do and what not to do. The other stream is to show the women indulged in working shoulder to shoulder with men to be an active participant in the progress of society. They are well aware of their rights and can stand for their liberties if ill-treated but the working women are also portrayed negatively who are the main source for a home breakup. It is rather difficult for the general viewing public to understand the contradictory messages lying within the modern day drama. Working women are depicted as strong and independent, yet also negatively portrayed as cunning (In Durr-e-Shawar the male lead, Haider, laments the fact that his wife, Shandana, is a working woman). (Tasneem Ahmar, 2012) Television dramas can be considered as important tool to propagate gender equality. The dramas depicting equality of gender roles do not expose the overt victimization of women in them. Female characters in these serial are strong, independent and intelligent. How women are portrayed on TV is linked to the prevalent trends set by the management of entertainment television channels. The women who have reached the top in management struggle to change the prevailing trends. They act like new trend setters. Sultana Siddiqui, for example, established a policy that no woman will be slapped in the dramas aired on the TV channel she heads. Moneeza Hashmi, as managing director of the state-run television in Lahore, supported extensive programming intended to guarantee the womens rights and gender equality. After she left, the policy unfortunately seems to have disappeared. (Bushra S, 2012)

Angela Merkel

Tiffany Prill Challenges of Leadership Leadership Book Analysis Modern World Leaders- Angela Merkel The person chosen for this leadership report is Angela Merkel. I read â€Å"Modern World Leaders-Angela Merkel† written by Clifford W. Mills. Being born in Berlin, with my pride in being German, as well as being a female with my own leadership ambitions, I felt Angela Merkel was a perfect fit for me. Gaining knowledge on the leadership style from one of the most powerful and influential women in the world, while also learning the values and beliefs my country is grounded on, I find Angela Merkel to be extremely interesting leader to study.Angela Merkel (born Angela Dorothea Kasner), was born in Hamburg, Germany on July 17, 1954. Angela was raised in East Germany where she later received Associates degree in 1973. Shortly after, she enrolled to the Karl Marx University where she later met and married Ulrich Merkel. She graduates with a bachelor and continues onto her PhD in Scien ce at the Central institute for Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences in Berlin. By 1986 she received her PhD which is also the same year she goes back to West Germany for the first time since she was baby.It was the many years in West Germany, full of communism and hardships, that taught Merkel how strong and powerful government could be. Merkel was determined to use power to serve the people not use it to control them. Rather than telling them what they wanted hear, she told them what to do to solve the political problem. A scholarly physicist with little to no interest in politics rose to the top of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) known as a conservative, male oriented, traditional political party. I believe the keys to her success include things such as her upbringing along with her passion and ambition.Raised by a minister in communist East Germany, Merkel had an upbringing like no other. A place where the economy was shattered- where resources and goods where lack ing. Merkel and her family were always being watched upon by the Statsi. The Statsi was a security intelligence network that consisted of 100,000 full time employees with 300,000 informants recruited to spy on the citizens who might be subversive. Within this environment Merkel learned to keep her real thoughts to herself and keep her private and political world separate in fear of the Statsi.Ambition is an understatement. The fall of the Berlin Wall was the biggest eye opener and life changing event in Merkels life; going from someone who took no particular interest in politics to fighting for freedom and rights, almost over night. The day after Merkel was sworn in as chancellor Merkel wasted no time and made trips around the world meeting up with leaders in hopes to form alliances. Her first stop was Paris where she met with President Jacques Chirac where her goal was to emphasize the importance of their relationship.Next she met with security general Jaap de Hoop of the NATO. The NATO was a alliance between 26 countries where the attack on one country leads to the attack on all countries. Merkel knew how important this alliance was to Germany. Merkel returned home to meet the President of Pohomba of Namibia only to leave soon after to the United States to meet President Bush. Merkel was admired her never ending, ambitious, networking. â€Å"She put her loyalty to truth ahead of loyalty to the party†- Merkel’s put honesty and truth on the top of her values.When German chancellor Helmut Kohl admitted his guilt to receiving illegal claim contributions, Merkel was not scared to condemn Kohl in a public newsletter. Her mentor, the man who started Merkel in politics- in her eyes was now the man who betrayed a trust and should no longer be leader. Her honesty is the way Merkel got people to follow her as a leader. Although some felt she had stabbed Kohl in the back, many Germans praised her honesty. She had proven to the people that truth matters and that she stands behind it.Another time that Merkel wasn’t scared to stand her ground and simply standing up for what’s ethically right was back in high school. In Germany teachers quiet strict and at one point she had a teacher that would punish the entire class if a presentation differed even slightly from what the teacher told them to do. Deep down inside Merkel knew that the students put in extreme effort into the presentations and that this matter was so serious that the students could all be expelled from school. After explaining the situation to her parents, Merkel wrote a petition which she also presented to some GDR officials.Merkels class was saved; the teacher was later disciplined. I characterize her leadership style as one that is based on ethics and morals while also being very direct. She is both task oriented as well as relationship oriented. Merkel focuses on the business task at hand while putting great emphasis relationships and networking†¦ â⠂¬Å"I don’t think it make sense to go round and round in circles arguing about this crisis. We have to manage it instead. But that’s something we can only do together with our neighbors, our partners, the big ones and the small ones.I think Germany is destined, partly as a result of its geographic position, to be a mediator and balancing factor. † From this statement I feel as though Merkel is very direct and to the point- there is no point in arguing, let’s do something about it. At the same time Merkel puts emphasis on leader-member relations. Previous chancellor Schroeder was known for his extravagant sleigh rides with Russian President Putin along with an unwillingness to push Putin on difficult issues. Merkel wasn’t taking sleigh rides; she was making a dissimilar statementBased on her position Merkel has legitimate power and usually uses rational persuasion. She has the ability to influence others using something of value giving her reward pow er. Merkels degree in science gives her expert power and over the years has gained connection power through never ending networking and reciprocity. â€Å"I am, I think, courageous at the decisive moment. But I need a good deal of start-up time, and I try to take as much as possible into consideration beforehand. † Merkel puts a great deal of time studying an issue and pays close attention to detail when making a decision.When looking at a political issue, she looks at all sides and tries to understand it logically. Merkel does not go by â€Å"hunches† but finds out what others think (especially exerts). She studies an issue very carefully and does not make â€Å"right off the back† decisions. While some might of looked at it as inexperienced, Merkels courage stood out at the 2006 G8- Summit. The G8 Summit includes leaders from France, Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom and the United States, that year taking place in Russia. One thing that wa s not â€Å"appropriate† during the G8 Summit was to criticize the host.Not only did Merkel question Russia on their electoral system claiming its shortcomings, she also vocalized that she did not want the natural gas from Russia to get disrupted again; she needed energy security for Europe to be assured and secured. Merkel had made headlines and made her mark. Merkel has not groomed a successor but is the successor of Gerhard Schroder. Schroeder was more of a Democrat while Merkel is a Republican. She is an anticommunist that wants there to be a bigger role for private business and less role of the government.Schroeder believed that the government had to be a regulator in businesses and that small changes to policy would bring Germanys level of competiveness up. Compared to her predecessor, Merkel felt government needed to get out of the way of business and that taxes should be simplified possibly with a flat rate. In order to decrease Germanys booming deficit, Schroeder cut social security payments an unemployment benefits. Merkel on the other hand found that increasing the VAT (value added tax) from 16%-18% was more successful.Another major difference between the two was their views on the war. While Schroeder was against the war, he allied himself with France and criticized the Bush administration. Merkel found the war to be dignified and correct- growing up in a country without freedom she knew exactly how precious it was. She explained Germany needed to stop bashing America and that her administration will have friendlier relations with America. A portrait of German princess born Sophie Augusta Fredrika, (later known as Russian empress Catherine the Great) hangs on the wall in Merkels office.Sophie married the 17-year-old grandson of Peter the Great and was crowned Catherine II. Catherine was the longest ruling and most renowned female leader of Russia. The Catherinian Era was sometimes referred to as the Golden Era as she extended Russian territo ry and reorganized law administration. Catherine led Russia into full participation in the cultural and political life of Europe. In September 2006 Merkel topped the â€Å"World’s Most Powerful Woman† list by Forbes Magazine. Analysts claim her strength was her â€Å"unassuming and tireless networking†.Leaders around the world such as Jacques Chirac, Tony Blair, and Vladimir Putin were all impressed by Merkel winning the admiration of people worldwide. Other awards received by Merkel include: * Vision for Europe award 2006 * Recognition of â€Å"Dama de Gran Croce Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italian† by Italian president 2006 * Honorary doctorate from Hebrew University of Jerusalem 2007 * Chalemagne Prize 2008 * Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany 2008 * Honorary doctorate from University of Technology in Wrolaw (Poland) 2008 * â€Å" â€Å" from University of Cluj-Napoca (Romania) Jawaharlal Nehra Award (India) 20 09 * Forbes most powerful women 5 years in a row This assignment has enabled me to see leadership traits and values from the perspective of one of the most powerful and successful women in the World. A political record breaker, who has marked her spot in history by moving Germany out of the recession. I was aware that Angela Merkel was the Chancellor of Germany but I didn’t know what motivated her and the type of person she is and how she leads her country.Her motivation and drives comes from the democratic and controlled life she lived in East Germany giving her the determination of providing German citizens a less controlled, free, and happy life. She grounds her decisions on principal and logic and leads in a direct, assertive manner. Although Merkel dominates German politics I view her more as a leader than a politician. Leaders care about the people they serve while politicians usually care about themselves and their party. APA Style Citations Angela Merkel: The Most Pow erful Woman In The World – People – Stylist Magazine. n. d. ). Stylist. co. uk homepage – Stylist Magazine. Retrieved March 11, 2013, from http://www. stylist. co. uk/people/angela-merkel#image-rotator-1 Mills, C. (2008). Angela Merkel. New York: Chelsea House Reddy, V. (n. d. ). German Legend Angela Merkel's Success story – Posdcorb. Posdcorb. Retrieved March 12, 2013, from http://www. vamsinathmba. com/2012/08/german-lezand-angela-merkels-success. html Smitha, F. E. (n. d. ). Catherine the Great, Russian Empress. MacroHistory : World History. Retrieved March 12, 2013, from http://www. fsmitha. com/h3/h31-gr6c. htm

Billy Joel Business Ethics and Law Case Study

Billy Joel decided he wanted to learn to play the violin for his next set of concerts. He called a violin salesman in New York and asked if he had any for sale. The salesman stated he had a Stradivarius and a Guarnerius (two famous brands of violins) and offered to sell them to Billy for $80,000 and $24,000, respectively. Billy agreed, over the phone, to purchase the violins from the salesman and told him he would be in town the next week to pick them up. Billy didn't show up for two months, and when he entered the store, the salesman wasn't there. His wife, Margaret, was there in the store, however, and she had full knowledge of the deal cut between her husband and Billy. (She'd heard her husband whining, complaining, and wailing about Billy not showing up for the last 2 months – and she was really sick of hearing about it.) Billy asked to see the violins, and Margaret showed him both of them. Billy stated he would agree to pay $65,000 for both of them, and Margaret, knowing that they were counterfeits and only worth $2,000 AND realizing that their house was about to go into foreclosure, agreed to the reduction in price and sold Billy the two violins for $65,000. She gave him a bill of sale that she wrote out on a note pad on the counter, which said, â€Å"Paid in full. Strativarus and Granruius violans. $65,000. Chk # 4301 Billy Joel. Salesperson: Margaret Madoff.† The notepad was one she had brought home from their last vacation to Las Vegas and was from The Flamingo hotel there. Billy took home the violins and proceeded to learn to play, albeit very poorly. Meanwhile, the salesman discovers that Margaret sold the violins for less than he had bargained for. He sues Billy Joel for the $39,000 difference, stating that Margaret was not an employee of the store and had no authority to change the deal he and Billy had made. During the pendency of the suit, and after his next concert, the newspapers stated, â€Å"Billy Joel should give up playing the violin! He stinks!† Billy takes his violins to a music store to sell them and discovers they are only worth $2,000 and that they are not Stradivarius and Guarnerius violins but are instead counterfeits. He wants to countersue the salesman and asks you on what basis can he do so. Using contract, agency, and any other legal concepts you have learned this session, on what bases can Billy sue the salesman and his wife? What defenses will they have? Do you think Billy can recover? Further, will Margaret's husband (his name is Bernard) be able to collect against Billy for the difference in price from the original deal? Explain your answer fully as to the why's, wherefore's, and why not's for both parties. Use bullet points and â€Å"issue spotting† to assist you in your answer. Case Solution In the above case scenario, the oral contract that was made between the seller and the buyer are not binding in the court of law in accordance to the contract law. As in the case the seller has been be met with the loss of settling for less that the agreed verbal contract holds. The offer that was made by the seller and accepted by the buyer was a partial fulfilment of the contract. The absent of proof that in deed an agreement was made between the two parties will made the court to rule in favour of Billy. This should hence be the basis of argument that Billy can use. The sell of counterfeit commodities to a buyer in high prices is considered to be a crime. The use of this basis by Billy holds a chance of guaranteeing him victory. This will also help in the reclaiming of his image as a performer indicating that it was the counterfeit pianos that lead to the earlier poor performance. It is hence imperative to state that through these bases Bill will have a strong argument in the court against the business persons. Defence to be used by the Business Persons: It is paramount to note that the Bernard and Margaret as the business persons do not hold a strong case against Billy due to the lack proof of the contract that was made in this business transaction. The fact that Margaret facilitated the completion of the verbal business relations with the sale of the piano at a rate that was lower than the initially accepted prices can be used to state that she was not a business individual. The recommended $ 39,000 difference that Bernard is seeking from Billy Joel with regards to the agreed price would be based on the fact that the individual who facilitated the initial processes of the contract was not an authority. The Collection of the Extra Money: The initial prices that had been verbally quoted by the salesman where: $ 80,000 for Stradivarius piano and $ 24,000 for the Guarnerius piano. The total price that was paid for during the selling traction was only $65,000 which was less by $ 39,000. The fact that the two pianos where deemed to be counterfeit with the total worth of only $ 2,000, the chances of the business personnel having a refund will be unfruitful. It would not be in order for the court to rule in favour of the Bernard to attain the extra funds by virtue that they had sold a product to their customer that was functioning properly that ended up denting his image as a performer. The original deal made between the two parties was based on lies and hence should not be cemented with the pay of the extra unpaid funds. A refund for the already paid funds in terms of $ 65,000 should be made to the customer. In the analysis of this case, it has been ascertained that the holding of physical proof for the contracts has to be met in any business relations. This will help in the smooth transition of the business activities (Larson, 2010). Contract: In this case, the business contract was made between two parties with an oral offer and acceptance of the buyer. Based on the agreement, the two pianos were to be purchased at the stated price of $104,000. The reasonable period to enforce the purchase was the agreed one week where Billy was to collect the items. This can be used against him by the seller stating that they did not stick to the original oral business contract. The act of the seller misinterpreting the worth of the two pianos was not lawful since it is prohibited by the federal government. The presence of the third party in the business relation (wife) led to the reformation of the contract a new price generated. This led to the promise made to be broken by the buyer in the presence of the third party. Agency: The ostensible authority that is held by the wife of the seller to give the buyer a new business deal with the information she held about the fake nature of the pianos would be termed in order in the court if the two jointly owned the business. The fact that she was not gives the seller an upper hand in stating that the purchase was made on unfair terms without his knowledge. This gives a somewhat strong basis for argument in the quest to attain the $ 39,000 difference in payment that was not made.

Free Essays on The Phoenicians

The Phoenicians were a very intelligent culture they developed the alphabet, they were excellent ship builders, they also traded with many other cultures such as the Greek (which is where cultural diffusion took place and the Greeks adopted the alphabet but added the important vowels the Phoenicians left out. The Phoenicians also spoke a dialect and used coin money. The Phoenicians were very good wood and metal workers. They made and used furniture, metal work, and especially glassware. The Phoenicians were also well known for their purple dye known as â€Å"Tyrian Purple.† They had an excellent navy and used the stars to navigate. They controlled many city-states and eventually sailed North to Spain, Ireland, and England. There was a huge demand for metals such as gold, silver, copper, tin, and nickel. They would also make things like bronze and iron. The Phoenicians also possessed the skill of dentistry, which is evident by the fine braces on a lower jaw of a skull. In Massachusetts and Iowa there are Punic inscriptions that prove the Phoenicians had reached North America in BC. The Phoenician language is actually still spoken today in Malta. The Phoenicians also had a government. The first parliament ever in the Middle East met in the Phoenician confederate city of Tripoli. The Phoenicians were very peaceful though they enjoyed things such as art and explored North, South, East and west of because they loved adventure. They were one of strongest civilizations though because of their excellent navy. They united various races and many through friendly links, through this method they softened them and humanized them.... Free Essays on The Phoenicians Free Essays on The Phoenicians The Phoenicians were a very intelligent culture they developed the alphabet, they were excellent ship builders, they also traded with many other cultures such as the Greek (which is where cultural diffusion took place and the Greeks adopted the alphabet but added the important vowels the Phoenicians left out. The Phoenicians also spoke a dialect and used coin money. The Phoenicians were very good wood and metal workers. They made and used furniture, metal work, and especially glassware. The Phoenicians were also well known for their purple dye known as â€Å"Tyrian Purple.† They had an excellent navy and used the stars to navigate. They controlled many city-states and eventually sailed North to Spain, Ireland, and England. There was a huge demand for metals such as gold, silver, copper, tin, and nickel. They would also make things like bronze and iron. The Phoenicians also possessed the skill of dentistry, which is evident by the fine braces on a lower jaw of a skull. In Massachusetts and Iowa there are Punic inscriptions that prove the Phoenicians had reached North America in BC. The Phoenician language is actually still spoken today in Malta. The Phoenicians also had a government. The first parliament ever in the Middle East met in the Phoenician confederate city of Tripoli. The Phoenicians were very peaceful though they enjoyed things such as art and explored North, South, East and west of because they loved adventure. They were one of strongest civilizations though because of their excellent navy. They united various races and many through friendly links, through this method they softened them and humanized them....

Essay about lab prep

Essay about lab prep Essay about lab prep Lessons in B. Tech. April 18, 2012 The past few days have seen nostalgic emails from friends with instances and places and jokes and thoughts that we had shared at some point in the past few wonderful years. Everyone has their learnings out of this endeavor and the scales of the same pitch in different directions for every individual. My lessons which i can pull out, are here. These years have shaped me, moulded me, sometimes roughly sometimes as gently as with a touch, but i would not have been what i am today was it not for each of those experiences. I thank everyone who has been a part of these years for each of you has played a part in the tempering process. Fall in love. There are a few things we can really know we feel. And this is probably the easiest one to put into words. Happiness, sadness, all emotions are relative, Love is not. Loving something is simply joyous. A person, a gadget, a ball, an experience, find time to find one or all of these and never be afraid of falling for that one thing can become your life. Loving is not tough. it may or may not last but however brief the moments they may be these will be those that they can take your breath away. Express yourself through actions and not though words, they are more respected. There will be things you see yourself doing when you close your eyes. Follow them, try them, they are the things your mind thinks you will love. Passion is what drives us, love the thing you do and you never have to work a day in your life [paraphrased from Confucius] . Reply. They say men don’t know when to shut up. I say thats true. i’ll go a step further as to hunch on a reason. We Wish To Learn. And only by moving a conversation forward can we learn.Each individual has a perspective, respect that. Listen. and Reply. It is conversations which help forge something that can blossom into something beautiful. There are some men who just want to watch the world Burn. This appeal is meant for them. Its for those who are lazy. Get out what is in you, these are the years to explore and not stick. It may be within these explorations that you can find yourself. Loosing yourself in the smoke is not worth it, for when the smoke clears you realize you missed those who you couldn’t see behind the cloud. Never stop learning. There will be things you do with your broken limbs. These things tell you who you really are. Pain really is a great teacher. It in these times you learn as much about yourself as you learn about others. There are lessons hidden in everything from watching a guy play guitar on the beach or sitting behind a rider you hitchhiked with on the highway or sleeping on the last bench in class. Have the will to go. It is tough to shed off a feeling, to forgive, to let things be but heed the Beatles – Let It Be and try to learn the reason behind each action you did not warrant. It may surprise you, make you see something you did not believe, but it will help you grow. Experience and Explore. There will always be hurdles. There will always be people who will not think its a good idea. Pack your bags and Go. You find yourself in serenity. All the small corners you share with someone stick with you throughout your life. The experiences you share make you learn. From roads of hilly mountains to beaches to clandestine staircases to rooftops beneath open skies each is an experience worth the effort. And it is these experiences more than anything else that we remember. Explore the campus, explore the world and explore yourself, there is just too much to see. Trust Its a strong term very casually thrown around. Blindly trust until you have a good reason not to. It can sometimes lead to amazing experiences. Follow your Passion. Do things only for yourself. Everything doesn’t have to be leading to a goal. Write to express. Walk down unknown paths. Stare blankly at a flower. Feel the Wind. I can’t begin to list the things which were done. It

Hw5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Hw5 - Assignment Example The theory also explains that most of the universe large parts do not support complex life calling the places to be dead zones. The places that support the complex life are known to be the habitat zones for the living creatures. The habitat zone acts as a primary function having a distance from the galactic center. When the distance between the two places increase, the stars’ content begin to reduce creating terrestrial planets. The dangerous x rays that are produced from the black hole found at the galactic center including the stars of the neutrons and quasars become less intense. This creates hell to the life and enables the hypothesis to identify the early life of the universe. Also, the gravitational that occur between the stars and the planets become less due to the low density caused by the decrease of the stars. This explains that if a planet is far from the galactic center, it is likely to have been hit by a bolide. It is an impact that affects the complex life. 2. The population density for the galaxy proofs to be 50,000 light years. Having 2, 500 civilizations while assuming that they are equally spaced, there separation will be found by dividing the light years by the civilizations. One civilization will proof to have 20 light years. 3. There is compatible function between the humans and the nature itself. In nature, there are a number of circumstances that lead to the human survival. Science and nature has also a new version on the relationship between humans and nature. It proofs that the physical substances that surround human beings are complex. There is also a lot of interdependence between the humans and nature. This begins with the human genes that are able to produce several traits creating a survival. The lives that are on earth have the form of life that is found only at the biosphere that is the membrane of both the plants and animals. On the same note,

Corporate Repurchase Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Repurchase - Research Paper Example This is an indication of a growing business when people are buying business' stocks. The business growth benefits both, the owners, as well as the investors. In order to extend the stock fundraising, corporations repurchase their stocks. This process is commonly known as a 'corporate repurchase'. 'Repos', 'buybacks', 'reverse repos', 'or 'repurchase agreements' are also some terms implying the same process. (WiseGEEk, 2009) A repurchase agreement, also known as lending buyback occurs when all or some of the securities, comprising of bonds, stocks, or money markets; are sold by the corporation at a premium. The corporation agrees to buyback these securities later at a higher price. A repurchase agreement is very similar to a 'secured loan' in different ways as the securities are taken as collateral. Typically, the repayment takes place after a few months. This is the case of a short option loan. Long option loan, for which repayment can be prolonged up to two years, are not so common. (WiseGEEk, 2009) When corporations buy their own stocks from the general market or stockholders in a systematic fashion, it is called a corporate buyback. In order to cut down the costs of the repurchase agreement, the corporations can combine it with a corporate repurchase program. ... This is a possibility when there are two differing ideas. (WiseGEEk, 2009) A corporate repurchase program can strategically explain that a company thinks of its stock in the market as undervalued. When the companies offer a buyback plan, they are actually cutting down the amount of outstanding stocks, as corporate heads are allowed to buy stocks from stockholders. Thus, the stock price goes up. (WiseGEEk, 2009) A corporate repurchase may also be undertaken for other reasons. It can be used to offset the costs that are incurred when companies offer a compensation package to the workers. It may also be used to strengthen internal control. A company's stock earnings weaken when it is offering stock options or provides for a 401K. Stocks are brought back into the control of the company when a buyback occurs. The worth of stocks also increases for the existing stockholders. (WiseGEEk, 2009) A corporate repurchase can be carried out in several ways. For instance, existing stockholders can be consulted. An offer is made to them to purchase the stocks at a premium. Investors do not get much time to accomplish it. Another way of repurchasing stocks is by acquiring stocks on the market. This process takes a long time. Corporate repurchase is indeed a very effective way that enables businesses to purchase the company back from stockholders. If 100% of the company's stocks are bought back, the corporation may become private and abandon the public trade method. (WiseGEEk, 2009) Buybacks are a way of administrating the buyers' market. The process limits the stocks for investors. Supply and demand of stocks is controlled when a company engages in a buyback. A buyers' market is transformed into a seller's market as the

Child developmental Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child developmental Psychology - Essay Example One glass was tall and skinny and the other was short and fat. I filled both glasses with chocolate milk, pouring more milk into the short fat glass. Then I gave the tall skinny glass to Christopher and placed the short fat glass in front of myself. Before allowing him to drink, I asked him, "Who has more milk, you or me" He eyed the glasses and then confidently said, "I do," referring to his tall skinny glass of milk, whose height of milk was taller than that seen in my short fat glass. I urged him to take a second look at the glasses of milk by asking, "Are you sure" He furrowed his brow and eyed the glasses once again. "Well," he said, "maybe there's more in your glass, since it's wider." I continued with the lesson by placing another short fat glass on the table and asked Christopher to pour his tall skinny glass of milk into the empty glass to find out who really does have more chocolate milk. He slowly poured his glass of milk into the empty short fat glass. Once he was done pouring, he bent down so he was at eye level with the milk levels of the glasses. His eyes widened and he said, "Your glass had more than mine!" Christopher showed classic signs of Piaget's pre-operational stage of cognitive development.

Effect of Temperature on Lipase Essay Example for Free

Effect of Temperature on Lipase Essay Theory The higher the substrate concentration the more quickly product is produced (rate of reaction  increases) until enzyme saturation is reached at which time more substrate has no further effect. Enzymes such as Catalase are protein molecules which are found in living cells. They are used to speed up specific reactions in the cells. They are all very specific as each enzyme just performs one particular reaction. Catalase is an enzyme found in food such as potato and liver. It is used for removing Hydrogen Peroxide from the cells. Hydrogen Peroxide is the poisonous by-product of metabolism. Catalase speeds up the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide into water and oxygen as shown in the equations below. It is able to speed up the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide because the shape of its active site matches the shape of the Hydrogen Peroxide molecule. This type of reaction where a molecule is broken down into smaller pieces is called an anabolic reaction. Hypothesis The prediction would be such that as the substrate concentration increases, the rate of reaction will go up at a directly proportional rate until the solution becomes saturated with the substrate hydrogen peroxide. When this saturation point is reached, then adding extra substrate will make no difference. The rate steadily increases when more substrate is added because more of the active sites of the enzyme are being used which results in more reactions so the required amount of oxygen is made more quickly. Once the amount of substrate molecules added exceeds the number of active sites available then the rate of reaction will no longer go up. This is because the maximum number of reactions are being done at once so any extra substrate molecules have to wait until some of the active sites become available. Variables Independent Variable(s) Concentration of substrate Dependent Variable(s) Rate of enzyme activity Control Variable(s) Temperature pH Pressure Apparatus S. No Item Qty. Size, Capacity, Amount 1 Graduated cylinder 1 500mL, 500cm3 2 Metal Stand 1 3 Catalase from Chicken Liver. Pour the hydrogen peroxide solution into the test tube containing the chicken liver and immediately put the cork with a transferring tube plugged into it connecting it to a rubber tube leading to a filled inverted graduated cylinder to measure the amount of gas in mL (cm3) formed. 3. Bubbles should start to rise up the tube and the water level in the graduated cylinder should move down. 4. Record the water level after every 30 seconds for a total period of 5 minutes. 5. Do the same for 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12% and 14% and record the readings for them individually. When the concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide is increased, the rate of reaction increases at a directly proportional rate until the concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide reaches about 10%. If you double the concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide then the rate of reaction doubles as well. When the concentration is doubled from 8-16% the rate goes up from 1. 65-2. 97 Cm3 Oxygen produced per second, which is an increase of 1. 8 times. I would expect the rate to increase two times if the Hydrogen Peroxide concentration is increased two times because there are twice as many substrate molecules which can join onto the enzymes active sites. The reason that the number is less than two times could be put down to the fact that at 10% the Enzymes active sites may already be close to being saturated with Hydrogen Peroxide. There may also be some experimental error which causes the inaccuracies. After 10% the increase in the rate of reaction slows down. This is shown by the gradient of the graph going down. At this point virtually all the active sites are occupied so the active sites are said to be saturated with Hydrogen Peroxide. Increasing the Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration after the point of saturation has been reached will not cause the rate of reaction to go up any more. All the active sites are being used so any extra Hydrogen Peroxide molecules will have to wait until an active site becomes available. The theoretical maximum rate of reaction is when all the sites are being used but in reality this theoretical maximum is never reached due to the fact that not all the active sites are being used all the time. The substrate molecules need time to join onto the enzyme and to leave it so the maximum rate achieved is always slightly below the theoretical maximum. The time taken to fit into and leave the active site is the limiting factor in the rate of reaction. Limitations a) There is a slight delay between pouring the Hydrogen Peroxide into the catalase, putting the bung on and starting the stopwatch. This will slightly affect all the results but as I carried out all the three steps in the same way for all the experiments it should not make any difference to the overall result. b) It is also impossible to precisely measure out the amounts of Hydrogen Peroxide and catalase each time. As the scale on the pipettes shows the volume to the nearest mm3 the volume of the solutions that I used should be correct to the nearest mm3. The volume of gas in the test tube to start with is slightly affected by the amount which the bung is pushed down each time, if the bung is pushed down further then the volume in the tube will be less so the 30cm3 of gas is reached faster. c) Due to the fairly slow speed of our reactions it is only possible to measure the time of the reaction to the nearest 0. 1 second even though the stopwatch shows the measurements to the nearest 0. 01 second. d) Human errors such as inappropriate readings, time difference in readings, stopping flow of air by accidentally compressing rubber tube†¦ could also have been made